Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

CHAPTER 1 Organization and General Plan of the Body ………1
Levels of Organization, 4
Metabolism and Homeostasis, 7
Terminology and General Plan of the Body, 12
CHAPTER 2 Some Basic Chemistry ……………………………….21
Elements, 24
Atoms, 24
Chemical Bonds, 25
Chemical Reactions, 28
Inorganic Compounds of Importance, 28
Organic Compounds of Importance, 33
CHAPTER 3 Cells ……………………………………………………46
Cell Structure, 48
Cellular Transport Mechanisms, 52
The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis, 56
Cell Division, 60
Aging and Cells, 63
CHAPTER 4 Tissues and Membranes …………………………….67
Epithelial Tissue, 70
Connective Tissue, 74
Muscle Tissue, 79
Nerve Tissue, 81
Membranes, 82
Aging and Tissues, 84
CHAPTER 5 The Integumentary System …………………………88
The Skin, 90
Subcutaneous Tissue, 99
Aging and the Integumentary System, 101
CHAPTER 6 The Skeletal System ………………………………..104
Functions of the Skeleton, 106
Types of Bone Tissue, 106
Classification of Bones, 106
Embryonic Growth of Bone, 108
Factors That Affect Bone Growth and Maintenance, 108
The Skeleton, 112

Joints—Articulations, 128
Aging and the Skeletal System, 128
CHAPTER 7 The Muscular System ………………………………135
Muscle Structure, 138
Muscle Tone, 140
Muscle Sense, 141
Energy Sources for Muscle Contraction, 141
Muscle Fiber—Microscopic Structure, 142
Contraction—The Sliding Filament Mechanism, 146
Responses to Exercise—Maintaining Homeostasis, 147
Aging and the Muscular System, 149
Major Muscles of the Body, 149
CHAPTER 8 The Nervous System ………………………………..163
Nervous System Divisions, 166
Nerve Tissue, 166
Types of Neurons, 170
Nerves and Nerve Tracts, 171
The Nerve Impulse, 171
The Spinal Cord, 171
The Brain, 176
Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid, 184
Cranial Nerves, 186
The Autonomic Nervous System, 187
Aging and the Nervous System, 191
CHAPTER 9 The Senses …………………………………………..196
Sensory Pathway, 198
Characteristics of Sensations, 198
Cutaneous Senses, 199
Muscle Sense, 200
Sense of Taste, 200
Sense of Smell, 202
Hunger and Thirst, 202
The Eye, 202
The Ear, 210
Arterial Receptors, 216
Aging and the Senses, 216
CHAPTER 10 The Endocrine System ……………………………..221
Chemistry of Hormones, 225
Regulation of Hormone Secretion, 225
The Pituitary Gland, 225
Thyroid Gland, 231
Parathyroid Glands, 233
Pancreas, 233
Adrenal Glands, 236
Ovaries, 242
Contents xiii

Testes, 243
Other Hormones, 243
Mechanisms of Hormone Action, 244
Aging and the Endocrine System, 245
CHAPTER 11 Blood …………………………………………………250
Characteristics of Blood, 252
Plasma, 252
Blood Cells, 254
CHAPTER 12 The Heart ……………………………………………272
Location and Pericardial Membranes, 274
Chambers—Vessels and Valves, 274
Coronary Vessels, 277
Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds, 278
Cardiac Conduction Pathway, 279
Heart Rate, 283
Cardiac Output, 283
Regulation of Heart Rate, 284
Aging and the Heart, 286
CHAPTER 13 The Vascular System ……………………………….290
Arteries, 292
Veins, 292
Capillaries, 293
Pathways of Circulation, 296
Velocity of Blood Flow, 306
Blood Pressure, 307
Regulation of Blood Pressure, 310
Aging and the Vascular System, 314
CHAPTER 14 The Lymphatic System and Immunity ……………319
Lymph, 322
Lymph Vessels, 322
Lymphatic Tissue, 322
Immunity, 327
Aging and the Lymphatic System, 337
CHAPTER 15 The Respiratory System ……………………………342
Divisions of the Respiratory System, 344
Mechanism of Breathing, 347
Pulmonary Volumes, 351
Exchange of Gases, 354
Transport of Gases in the Blood, 355
Regulation of Respiration, 358
Respiration and Acid–Base Balance, 360
Aging and the Respiratory System, 361
xiv Contents

CHAPTER 16 The Digestive System ………………………………367
Divisions of the Digestive System, 370
Types of Digestion, 370
Oral Cavity, 370
Pharynx, 373
Esophagus, 373
Structural Layers of the Alimentary Tube, 373
Stomach, 376
Small Intestine, 378
Liver, 379
Gallbladder, 379
Pancreas, 379
Completion of Digestion and Absorption, 381
Large Intestine, 385
Other Functions of the Liver, 386
Aging and the Digestive System, 389
CHAPTER 17 Body Temperature and Metabolism ……………..394
Body Temperature, 396
Metabolism, 400
Aging and Metabolism, 413
CHAPTER 18 The Urinary System ………………………………..417
Kidneys, 421
Formation of Urine, 424
The Kidneys and Acid–Base Balance, 428
Other Functions of the Kidneys, 429
Elimination of Urine, 431
Characteristics of Urine, 432
Aging and the Urinary System, 433
CHAPTER 19 Fluid–Electrolyte and Acid–Base Balance ………..439
Water Compartments, 442
Water Intake and Output, 443
Electrolytes, 445
Acid–Base Balance, 446
Aging and Fluid and pH Regulation, 450
CHAPTER 20 The Reproductive Systems ………………………..454
Meiosis, 456
Male Reproductive System, 457
Female Reproductive System, 462
Aging and the Reproductive Systems, 470
CHAPTER 21 Human Development and Genetics ………………474
Human Development, 476
Genetics, 486
Contents xv

CHAPTER 22 An Introduction to Microbiology
and Human Disease ………………………………..496
Classification of Microorganisms, 498
Normal Flora, 500
Infectious Disease, 500
Epidemiology, 503
Methods of Control of Microbes, 504
The Pathogens, 507
Appendixes …………………………………………..528
A Units of Measure, 528
B Abbreviations, 530
C Normal Values for Some Commonly Used Blood Tests, 532
D Normal Values for Some Commonly Used Urine Tests, 533
E Eponymous Terms, 534
F Prefixes, Combining Word Roots, and
Suffixes Used in Medical Terminology, 535
G Answers to the Illustration Questions, 539
Glossary ………………………………………………547
Index ………………………………………………….589